Pacific Community / Communauté du Pacifique
FISHERIES, AQUACULTURE AND MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
FAME — Fisheries, Aquaculture and Marine Ecosystems
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Marshall Islands

Micronesia
235
People trained
499
Total participations
114
Training events
1,990,530km² EEZ
Exclusive Economic Zone
38,1822024
Population

Country profile

Population (2024)
38,182
Population (2050)
25,244
EEZ Area
1,990,530 km²
Land Area
180 km²
Region
Micronesia
Sub-Climate Zone
Northwest Tropical Pacific
51% Male
49% Female

Coastal fisheries snapshot

demersal fish (including surgeonfish, convict tangs, rabbitfish, parrotfish, snappers and aquarium fish), invertebrates for export (e.g. trochus and sea cucumbers) and gleaned from intertidal habitats, and nearshore pelagic fish (including trevally) using a range of fishing methods.

235
Unique people trained
499
Total training participations
114
Distinct training events

Top 5 training topics

Basic MCS&E
45
PIRFO Certificate 3 in Observer Operations
42
GSI for fisheries stakeholders
34
Harvest Strategy workshop
30
PIRFO Basic observer training
27

Gender participation

383
116

Male participations: 383 (77%) · Female participations: 116 (23%)

Yearly participations (2016–2025)

16171819202122232425
All data from Johnson et al. (2025), Climate Change Vulnerability Summary for Pacific Island Countries and Territories. Country chapter PDF available in the Resources tab.

Projected changes in atmospheric & ocean climate (by 2050)

Relative to 1995-2014 baseline. Regional CMIP6 projections applied to Marshall Islands's climate zone (Northwest Tropical Pacific).

Air Temperature
Medium (SSP2-4.5): +0.7 to +1.1 °C
High (SSP5-8.5): +0.9 to +1.6 °C
Annual Rainfall
Medium: -2.3 to +5.5 %
High: -2.8 to +6.4 %
Sea Surface Temp.
Medium: +0.6 to +1.1 °C
High: +0.8 to +1.5 °C
Sea Level Rise
Medium: +0.1 to +0.3 m
High: +0.2 to +0.4 m
Ocean pH
Medium: -0.1 (acidification)
High: -0.1

Coastal fisheries (current vs 2050)

demersal fish (including surgeonfish, convict tangs, rabbitfish, parrotfish, snappers and aquarium fish), invertebrates for export (e.g. trochus and sea cucumbers) and gleaned from intertidal habitats, and nearshore pelagic fish (including trevally) using a range of fishing methods.

Mangrove forest area
Current (2020)
0.3 km²
2050 Medium emissions
-38.8%
2050 High emissions
-42.8%
Seagrass meadow area
Current (2020)
3581 km²
2050 Medium emissions
0.0%
2050 High emissions
-6.6%
Coral reef area
Current (2020)
529.3 km²
2050 Medium emissions
-7.5%
2050 High emissions
-1.9%
Coastal fisheries catch
Current (2021)
4,200 t/yr
2050 Medium emissions
+1.8%
2050 High emissions
-12.2%
Fishery value
Current (2021)
USD 9.4 M/yr
2050 Medium emissions
2050 High emissions

Oceanic fisheries (current vs 2050)

Tuna fisheries — skipjack, yellowfin, bigeye and albacore. Habitat areas projected to shift with ocean temperature, stratification and oxygen content changes.

Tuna habitat area
Current (current)
684,229 km²
2050 Medium emissions
2050 High emissions
Oceanic (tuna) catch
Current (2022)
44,344 t
2050 Medium emissions
2050 High emissions
Fishery value (locally-based)
Current (2022)
USD 121 M
2050 Medium emissions
2050 High emissions
Fishery value (foreign-based)
Current (2022)
USD 60.9 M
2050 Medium emissions
2050 High emissions
Skipjack biomass
Current (2020)
2050 Medium emissions
+1%
2050 High emissions
-2%
Yellowfin biomass
Current (2020)
2050 Medium emissions
-10%
2050 High emissions
-1%
Bigeye biomass
Current (2020)
2050 Medium emissions
0%
2050 High emissions
-50%

Freshwater & estuarine fisheries (current vs 2050)

Inland fisheries are expected to be affected by changes in rainfall patterns, river flow, and habitat accessibility by 2050.

Fishery catch
Current (2021)
3 t
2050 Medium emissions
2050 High emissions
Fishery value
Current (2021)
USD 1.1
2050 Medium emissions
2050 High emissions

Aquaculture (current vs 2050)

Mariculture impacted by sea surface temperature, ocean acidification and intense storms. Freshwater aquaculture may benefit from increased freshwater habitat but face disease and temperature pressure.

Annual value
Current (annual)
USD 191.5 M
2050 Medium emissions
2050 High emissions

Livelihoods & economies (current vs 2050)

Fisheries and aquaculture provide household income, jobs and government revenue. Climate-driven changes will affect employment and economic contribution.

15%
Households participating in fishing
3%
Fisheries & aquaculture contribution to GDP
78.2%
Fisheries in total national exports
3
Employment in coastal fisheries
883
Employment in oceanic fisheries
USD 191.5M
Total value of fisheries & aquaculture
USD 32M
Government revenue from offshore licence fees

Aquatic food security (current vs 2050)

Aquatic (blue) foods provide an important source of nutrition. Population growth combined with climate impacts may create deficits in fish supply.

Fish consumption per person
Current (current)
82 kg/yr
2050 Medium emissions
70.3 kg/yr
2050 High emissions
66.5 kg/yr
Food security vulnerability: medium

Blue food production systems (current vs 2050)

Blue foods contribute to nutrition security, economies, livelihoods and jobs. Climate impacts on coastal, oceanic, freshwater fisheries and aquaculture together determine the system's resilience.

In the Marshall Islands, blue foods make key contributions to nutrition and economies. Compared to other Pacific islands, projected climate impacts to blue food production by 2050 are medium to high. Socioeconomic conditions make the Marshall Islands' sustainable development highly vulnerable to climate-induced losses.

Climate risk to blue food systems 2050: high

Recommended adaptation: Food & nutrition security

  • Implement sustainable ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management Food and Nutrition 2
  • Diversify blue food production systems Food and Nutrition 5
  • Improve post-harvest preservation methods for fish and invertebrates to prepare for sudden shocks
  • Promote education and awareness on the importance of protecting aquatic habitats, species and the foods they supply

Recommended adaptation: Sustainable livelihoods

  • Diversify aquaculture commodities and develop new farmed climate-resilient species, strains and varieties
  • Apply innovative technologies and climate-smart tools for pond aquaculture and mariculture Livelihoods 3
  • Improve technical and business viability of fisheries Livelihoods 5

Recommended adaptation: Economies & government revenue

  • Implement climate-informed fisheries management Economic Revenue 2
  • Implement energy efficiency programs for fisheries and aquaculture Economic Revenue 4
  • Maintain the contribution of fisheries and aquaculture to government revenue and economies
  • Climate-proof infrastructure 157

Community-based Fisheries Management — Marshall Islands

Source: Govan & Lalavanua 2022 (SPC), updated from FAO & SPC Outlook 2026. See the regional CBFM Report for full analysis.

45%
Community coverage
Moderate coverage
14
Active CBFM sites
14 / 31
Communities (covered / total)
56
Coastal fisheries staff
Programme: Reimaanlok (Looking to the Future)
Lead agency: Marshall Islands Marine Resources Authority (MIMRA)
Tenure status: Substantial community rights — Traditional and customary right of landowner/clan/family/municipality to control marine areas, subject to government ownership
Legal framework: Fisheries Act 1997 s.202; Public Land Act 1966 s.103(1)(b),(e) (customary fishing rights)
CBFM scaling strategy: Yes — Reimaanlok process covers part
Public registry of CBFM sites — one of only 2 PICTs with public site registry. Atoll-level approach.

Coastal fisheries in Marshall Islands

demersal fish (including surgeonfish, convict tangs, rabbitfish, parrotfish, snappers and aquarium fish), invertebrates for export (e.g. trochus and sea cucumbers) and gleaned from intertidal habitats, and nearshore pelagic fish (including trevally) using a range of fishing methods.

Detailed coastal fisheries status, community-based fisheries management (CBFM) projects, and per-country indicators from the SPC Coastal Fishery Report Cards are being progressively published. See Resources tab for the most recent annual SPC Coastal Fishery Report Card.

Tuna fisheries in Marshall Islands

The Pacific is home to the world's largest tuna fishery, with member countries' EEZs producing over half of the global tuna catch. Marshall Islands's EEZ covers 1,990,530 km², providing significant access to tuna and other oceanic resources.

Per-country tuna fishery indicators (catch, employment, GDP contribution, license revenue) are being extracted from the FFA Tuna Fishery Report Cards and Gillett (2023) Benefish economic study. See Resources tab for the most recent annual FFA Tuna Fishery Report Card.

Fisheries Contributions to Marshall Islands's Economy

This section summarises fisheries' contribution to Marshall Islands's economy, drawn from Chapter 10 of Benefish Study 4 (Gillett & Fong 2023). The country reports harvest across 4 fishery sectors, with data spanning 1999–2021.
Source: Gillett R. and Fong M. 2023. Fisheries in the economies of Pacific Island countries and territories (Benefish Study 4). Noumea, New Caledonia: Pacific Community. 704 pp.
137.9K t
Total 2021 harvest
All sectors combined
US$191.4M
Total 2021 value
In national currency
Locally Based
Largest sector (by value)
US$121.0M in 2021
↑ 278%
Volume change since 1999
2021 vs 1999 baseline

Harvest by sector (1999 → 2021)

Volume and economic value of fisheries production by sector, from successive Benefish studies. Use the toggle to switch between volume (tonnes) and value (US$).

Fishing contribution to GDP

Official contribution of fishing (and aquaculture, where included) to Marshall Islands's GDP, in US$ (millions). The line shows the percentage of total GDP.

Key findings from Benefish Study 4

10.2 Contribution of fishing to GDP

Current official contribution The Marshall Islands financial year (FY) 2021 Statistical Compendium (Graduate School 2021b), which contains the national accounts, was prepared by the Graduate School USA, Pacific Islands Training Initiative, Honolulu, Hawaii, in collaboration with the Economic Planning Policy and Statistics Office (EPPSO) of Marshall Islands. It was prepared under a contract with the United States Department of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs.

Full chapter section in Benefish Study 4 →

10.3 Exports of fishery production

The Marshall Islands FY 2021 Statistical Compendium (Graduate School 2022) gives the fish exports of Marshall Islands (Table 10-8). FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2019 FY 2020 FY 2021 Exports of goods 61.9 64.3 64.1 71.6 108.7 Exports of fish 38.3 38.0 42.3 55.5 85.0 Fish as a % of all exports 61.9% 59.1% 66.0% 77.5% 78.

Full chapter section in Benefish Study 4 →

10.4 Government revenue from fisheries

In Marshall Islands there are two ways of dealing with revenue from fisheries: • The money that MIMRA receives from its activities, which include vessel day scheme (VDS) revenue, fishing rights, licensing/registration, observer fees, transshipment fees, fishing violations, boat charter fees and other. • The money that MIMRA contributes to the Marshall Islands government (i.e. the amount in the above point, less the cost of operating MIMRA).

Full chapter section in Benefish Study 4 →

10.5 Fisheries-related employment

There is no comprehensive source of fisheries-related employment in Marshall Islands. What exists is an assortment of information from the various fisheries sub-sectors in the country. In an analysis of the purse seine tuna fishery value chain in Marshall Islands (Macfadyen et al. 2021), there is a good description of the employment situation in the country and its fisheries component (Box 10-1).

Full chapter section in Benefish Study 4 →

10.6 Fish consumption

The historical studies of fish consumption in Marshall Islands have been: • A Japan International Cooperation Agency report ( JICA 1983) states that the annual consumption of fish per capita on Majuro in the early 1980s was: local fish, 22.8 kg; canned fish, 8.6 kg; imported frozen fish, 0.3 kg; indicating a total of 31.7 kg. • Johns Hopkins (1992) gave the frequency of eating eight categories of fishery foods in 75 households.

Full chapter section in Benefish Study 4 →